. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. This directory is not just composed of graduates of this school, as some of the famous people on this list didn't necessarily earn a degree from Berkhamsted Collegiate School. Toby came to Berkhamsted in Year 12 and immediately demonstrated his work ethic and desire to improve. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Having graduated from Newcastle University last year with a degree in Sport and Exercise Science i'm now working at Berkhamsted School. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Fives. [1], Knight grew up in Southend-on-Sea, Essex and attended Shoeburyness High School. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Find the best school matches for your child, Get personalized school listing as per your suggestions to get better result. Among those performances have been some extraordinary, putting fifty past Abingdon and Northampton School for Boys, forty past Eton College, and knocking heavyweights such as RGS High Wycombe and Radley College out of the Cup en route to this regional semi final.Seaford College have been outstanding too though, only losing to Wellington College and drawing to Haileybury another game that was live streamed by us at StoneX Stadium. Berkhamsted Group, Boys, Girls | 27.02.2023, Berkhamsted Group, Boys, Girls, Sixth Form | 07.02.2023, Holiday Activities - Next Thing Education Camps, Bright. Winning the Daily Mail Trophy is an extraordinary achievement and the prospect of a league/cup double this year is tantalising. Three former students have won the Victoria Cross: Arthur Mayo during the Indian Mutiny; and George Pearkes and Brett Mackay Cloutman, both during the First World War. His family firm, John Bly Antiques, has been in Tring, Hertfordshire, UK, since the beginning of the 19th century, and was formally established by his grandfather in 1891. Sorry, but the page you were looking for doesnt exist anymore or it may have been moved. In 2011 Berkhamsted School merged with Heatherton House School, a girls' preparatory school in Amersham, to form the Berkhamsted Schools Group. List of famous alumni from Berkhamsted Collegiate School, with photos when available. The squad, which includes 17 players already capped at U18 level, has just emerged from its first development camp of the year at Bisham Abbey National Sports Centre, which kick-started preparations for the season. v RGS, High Wycombe. www.exeterschool.org.uk is using a security service for protection against online attacks. Camp Beaumont offer fun, safe and memorable school holiday camps in London and the Home Counties. Berkhamsted is a historic market town, once the residence of Geoffrey Chaucer and. We open Wednesdays to Sundays and Bank Holiday Mondays, 12noon until 4:30pm. v St Catherine's School. Yet the legal foundation was not nearly so sound. It contains the domain, initial timestamp (first visit), last timestamp (last visit), current timestamp (this visit), and session number (increments for each subsequent session). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This series of less distinguished office-holders is attributable in part to the Civil War; further, since the value of money had for so long been falling, the annual pay, having been set at the foundation, was insufficient for such a post by the end of the 17th century. - See 180 traveler reviews, 37 candid photos, and great deals for The Penny Farthing Hotel at Tripadvisor. It has 1965 students from age 11-19 yr. On Saturday they defeated Dulwich College 24-3 to claim the Daily Mail Trophy title, a stunning achievement and only the fifth side ever to do so. I am very proud of them.. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. He has hopes of being involved with their Christmas training. v Open training session. v Kings Langley School. Please download the latest software or switch device to avoid further issues. This is the main cookie set by Hubspot, for tracking visitors. Academic Development [3] He was also part of the England U20s squad for the 2022 Six Nations and their subsequent summer series that year. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Copyright 2023 Snobe. The school is noted for its distinctive collegiate and pastoral structure, a varied sporting, outdoor education and cultural co-curricular programme and participation in the life of the local community. Since January 2016, Richard Backhouse has served as the school's principal. This is the main cookie set by Hubspot, for tracking visitors. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. v Haileybury. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. They recorded fabulous wins against KCS Wimbledon (26-17), UCS (52-0) and Radley College (32-17) in the Champions Trophy. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. and so did ordaine, make and pnounce him to be the first Master of the said Schoole and after that tooke him by the hand and did give him and his successors for ever possession of the lodgings appteining to that office. This cookie, set by Cloudflare, is used to support Cloudflare Bot Management. Berkhamsted's best wins came over Abingdon (54-0), Eton (43-0), Northampton School for Boys (54-19), and Haileybury (43-23). Did you believe Josh had what it took to succeed at the highest level? These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. . Rob Peche, Development Director - 07949 956469. That at least three of the eight Senior Boys' Houses appear to be named after various fauna was not always intentional. Congratulations to the 1st XV rugby team who have made it through to the 3rd Round of the National Schools Cup against Seaford College. Their 2019 U15s, this years L6th, had an incredible year too. The authenticity of this claim is rightly questioned: shortly after Incent's death, a complaint was made to the king "by some evill persons that the Deane had laid to the Schoole more revenues than his licence [40 annually] did permitt him." LinkedIn sets this cookie to store performed actions on the website. Matt Cain, Club Secretary - 07545 916456. The 1st XV boys at Berkhamsted are expected to realise what a privilege it is to play in the team and as such, strive be role models at school both on and off the pitch. Head Coach Jonathan Pendlebury has named a 41-man squad, which includes 17 players already capped at Under-18s level, and just completed the first development camp . Cross-Country: Y8 Inter-House (boys) Fives. v SCHOOLS ROSE BOWL SCRATCH CHAMPIONSHIP 2022. . His successor, John Bristowe, had a still more colourful end, murdered gruesomely in 1597 by a local yeoman. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Trinitys 2019 U16s, this years U6th, had an unbeaten season, winning all thirteen of their fixtures, the year before they had another brilliant season, winning the U15 Schools Plate. NID cookie, set by Google, is used for advertising purposes; to limit the number of times the user sees an ad, to mute unwanted ads, and to measure the effectiveness of ads. Berkhamsted School JPR Courts Berkhamsted's original six courts have been painted over. Richard Reeve, the first headmaster, held strict Protestant views, and was dismissed by the Bishop of Lincoln, acting upon Queen Mary's instructions, in 1555. [3] This would eventually lead to his recruitment into the Saracens academy. Pupils attend their house for morning and afternoon registration, to play games throughout the day, and for the majority of the administration which governs their time at the school. HubSpot sets this cookie to keep track of sessions and to determine if HubSpot should increment the session number and timestamps in the __hstc cookie. A dramatic week of results has left the fast-improving Hertfordshire school needing to beat. HubSpot sets this cookie to keep track of the visitors to the website. LinkedIn sets this cookie from LinkedIn share buttons and ad tags to recognize browser ID. This cookie is passed to HubSpot on form submission and used when deduplicating contacts. This cookie is managed by Amazon Web Services and is used for load balancing. [5] In these matches, he was deployed both as a flanker and as a Number 8. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. This list of distinguished Berkhamsted Collegiate School alumni is loosely ordered by relevance, so the most recognizable celebrities who attended Berkhamsted Collegiate School are at the top of the list. But their formidable opponents, Tonbridge had lifted the NatWest Champions Trophy just a week earlier, winning the final at the same venue. Their performances this year have been incredible, and their Cup run exceptional especially with a strong third round win over Seaford College at StoneX stadium before a brilliant 4th round performance away at Monmouth, who have been incredibly strong this year.The two have only once met in recent history, and it was in this competition back in 2014. She has appeared in films such as Pride & Prejudice, St Trinian's, The Boat That Rocked, St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold, and Inception. v Lockers Park School. 310630. The school has four main sites: the Pre-Prep School, the Prep School, the Castle Street Campus and Kings Road Campus (the latter two being the original boys' and girls' schools respectively). Attention: You are using an outdated browser, device or you do not have the latest version of In 1523, he called upon the brothers of the local brotherhood of St John the Baptist to divert the funds they had hitherto donated to the monastic hospital (which had closed) to the Brotherhood House, about which little is known. Berkhamsted improved quickly over the term and ended up topping the table on the final weekend, beating Dulwich, 24-3, to secure the title. Two coach loads of supporters had travelled to the home of Saracens to see what turned out to be a premier standard rugby performance at the Aviva Premiership stadium. Leading into the half term break they won the Merchiston Festival, holding off challenges from the likes of Bedford and the leading Scottish Schools. It does not store any personal data. Although Greene objected strongly to being. Berkhamsted School Berkhamsted, United Kingdom. A magnificent touch-line conversion, and a personal hoard of 18 pts for 15-year-old Josh Barton, brought the evening to a thrilling conclusion. Trinity won that one 27-12 and will hope that bodes well for them.It should be no surprise that these two are performing well so far though, the players in both sides had superb seasons pre-covid. And Saints Academy coach Will Parkin has also got the call as he joins the management team as attack mentor. Educated at Berkhamsted School, John Bly is also a Lecturer, TV presenter, public speaker, restorer, valuer, fund raiser, editor and columnist. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The Berkhamsted values of aiming high with integrity, being adventurous and serving others is very much the basis of the rugby programme and the game lends itself to these exact values. Although this would have caused Saltmarsh concern, this was otherwise a very successful period in the history of Berkhamsted School. A remarkable 20 minute period saw Berkhamsted score five further tries to take an unassailable 36-0 lead at half time. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This cookie is passed to HubSpot on form submission and used when deduplicating contacts. | Learn more about Luke Risman's work experience, education, connections . His choice of commissioner suggests the foundation still had royal approval, something that had allowed the school to survive the first attack against it. This cookie is set by Hubspot whenever it changes the session cookie. Through 67 years of writings, which included over 25 novels, he explored the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world, often through a Catholic perspective. This cookie, set by Cloudflare, is used to support Cloudflare Bot Management. NID cookie, set by Google, is used for advertising purposes; to limit the number of times the user sees an ad, to mute unwanted ads, and to measure the effectiveness of ads. Berkhamsted Group | 20.10.2017 Berkhamsted Rugby - Half Term Review A fantastic start to the 2017 rugby season Report by Director of Sport, David Gibson. Mr Mahoney also let us know that he scored more Berkhamsted 1st XV points than anyone else on record an impressive feat. OVERALL SCORE . The floors can also be slippery. Sir William Robert Patrick Knox-Johnston * (born 17 March 1939) is a British sailor. During his time at Berkhamsted, Josh Barton (pictured below - left) was Captain of Rugby and was with the school from Year 7 to Year 13. On Wednesday the U15 rugby squad travelled to Abingdon School for the National Schools Plate semi-final. This cookie is set by Facebook to display advertisements when either on Facebook or on a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising, after visiting the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The season starts with a match against France U18 at Esher Rugby Club on Saturday, 18 March (K.O. Along with Sir Peter Blake, he won the second Jules Verne Trophy, for which they were also named the ISAF Yachtsman of the Year award. You will be redirected once the validation is complete. Henry Graham Greene (2 October 1904 3 April 1991), better known by his pen name Graham Greene, was an English novelist regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. List of famous alumni from Berkhamsted Collegiate School, with photos when available. [2] He played youth rugby at Westcliff, later earning a scholarship to Berkhamsted School. Indeed, such was the strength of feeling judges against Fossan that the very same people who had recommended him in 1662 wrote to the authorities six years later in the name of "the trust imposed in [them] by the founders of the schoole" that the headmaster be removed. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This character trait alongside his obvious ability always made me think he would succeed at the highest level.. Swimming. Berkhamsted School's 1st XV have convincingly defeated Tonbridge by 53-19 at the showpiece game under the lights at Allianz Park. Please submit your content below, which will be sent to a community manager and turned into a story for the website or content for an email newsletter, Berkhamsted Schools Group: Annual Sustainability Report, Berkhamsted celebrates remarkable character and results of A Level Students, Berkhamsted CCF: General Inspection Day 2022. Rugby develops teamwork, selflessness and dedication. Age: Dec. at 61 (1869-1930) Birthplace: Kensington, London, United Kingdom; Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. First he read his licence. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. A huge number of pupils have represented the school during some memorable fixtures including the U18 Champions Trophy and U14 County Cup. Provided by Google Tag Manager to experiment advertisement efficiency of websites using their services. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 622349 | Registered Charity no. This cookie is set by Hubspot whenever it changes the session cookie. Claim your free account to keep your school's data up-to-date and get insights on user activity for your profile. Incent had invested this responsibility in the warden of, A holder of more than one office simultaneously, Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States Declaration of Independence, Category:People educated at Berkhamsted School, Clifford Allen, 1st Baron Allen of Hurtwood, "About Us | Private Education | Berkhamsted Schools", http://www.bsarchive.org/the-archive-update/4594642201, "New Berkhamsted Girls House named after Marjory Stephenson MBE", "Sue Wolstenholme Retirement Dinner - The Old Berkhamstedians", Tring Park School for the Performing Arts, St Mary the Virgin's Church, Little Hormead, St Mary and St Thomas's Church, Knebworth, The Mrs Elizabeth Fuller Free School building, Panshanger orangery, conservatory and stables, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkhamsted_School&oldid=1141959444, Educational institutions established in the 1540s, Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, Member schools of the Girls' Schools Association, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with disputed statements from May 2021, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Adders, Ashby, Bartrum, Bees, Burgh, Churchill, Cox's, Fry's, Greenes, Hawks, Holme, Loxwood, Nash, New Stede, Old Stede, Reeves, Russell, School, Spencer, St George's, St David's, Stephenson, Swifts, Tilman, Tudor, Wolstenholme, Charles Henry Greene (19111927), father of, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 19:41. William Saltmarsh enjoyed a longer headmastership than either Reeve or Barker. This cookie is set by Facebook to display advertisements when either on Facebook or on a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising, after visiting the website. v Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School. 310630. Toby Cousins, Archie McParland, and Henry Pollock have all been named in England Under-18s' first squad of 2023, with the side kick-starting their preparations for the Six Nations. All of us at Berkhamsted wish our OBs Josh Barton and Toby Knight well for the future and look forward to seeing more of them on the pitch in 2022. Berkhamsted RUFC | Berkhamsted 3 November 1930) was an English rugby union centre who played club rugby for Blackheath and Cambridge University and was a member of the first official British Isles tour in 1891. [4], After progressing through the junior ranks and into the Saracens senior academy, Knight made his initial first-team appearances in the pool stages of the 202122 Premiership Rugby Cup, before his Premiership debut followed away to Gloucester in June 2022, at the end of the 202122 regular season. The test_cookie is set by doubleclick.net and is used to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Young. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Berkhamsted Schoolis an independentday schoolin Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England. v Warwick School. The latter had appointed Leonard Stepney as usher, but he lost his post in 1571 on charges of harbouring a Catholic priest. This will be played under floodlights at Stone X Stadium (previously Allianz), Greenlands Lane, NW4 1RL on Wednesday 17th November. View all details Compare with other schools Fee 3,370 to 7,725 Yearly fee 10,500 to 12,525 Boarding Apply now Scholarships LinkedIn sets the lidc cookie to facilitate data center selection. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. We enjoy close links with Leicester Tigers and Northampton Saints, and we have a number of players on their Developing Players programmes. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. It also appears that he took as active a part in the life of Berkhamsted as had become and remains a tradition, serving as overseer for the poor and bailiff as well as contributing to church funds. Wednesday will see NextGenXVs first live foray into the U18 Schools Cup this year as we Live Stream Berkhamsted v Seaford College in the third round from Sar. Berkhamsted need one more victory to spring a surprise in the 2021 SOCS Daily Mail Schools Trophy. Secondary , Local Authority Maintained Schools. The U16B XV and U14B XV are both unbeaten and should be delighted with their progress over the past seven weeks. Berkhamsted Group, Boys, Girls | 27.02.2023, Berkhamsted Group, Boys, Girls, Sixth Form | 07.02.2023, Holiday Activities - Next Thing Education Camps, Bright. OVERALL SCORE . Their win in the county cup against The Bishops Stortford High School (41-7) during the past week means they progress to the quarter finals after the half term break. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It is uncertain why the building (by which it is meant Old Hall) had fallen into disrepair under an otherwise successful headmaster, but through his donation Saltmarsh had decisively added himself to Berkhamsted's list of benefactors. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Since January 2016, Richard Backhouse has served as the school's principal. Records the default button state of the corresponding category & the status of CCPA. She portrays Angela in the HBO science-fiction western television series Westworld. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}514528N 003405W / 51.75778N 0.56806W / 51.75778; -0.56806. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. This dedication made it pretty clear he would make the most of his ability.. Prominent graduates from Berkhamsted Collegiate School include celebrities, politicians, business people, athletes and more. It all kicks off at 2pm at Trinity School and you will be able to watch it all live on our YouTube channel or below in this article.The two sides have been utterly magnificent this season Trinity have gone unbeaten since the start of October, an eight game run that has seen them take on some of the best in the business and on this Cup run they have hit some incredible heights. His forced resignation followed shortly after. Old Amersham Josh demonstrated the work ethic, attitude and skillset to be a successful rugby player all the way from Year 7 at Berkhamsted. Every one of the boys played out of their skins, which was required against such high quality opposition. A similar charge could not be made against Evan Price. Each house is run by a house-master supported by several house tutors. Houses are both physical environments and communities, each forming a distinct entity within the larger organisation of the school itself. In 1541, however, Incent applied to the King, Henry VIII, in pursuit of a licence "to purchase 40 in land by the year," and was successful. v York House Aquathlon. Randolph Littleton Aston (6 September 1869 3 November 1930) was an English rugby union centre who played club rugby for Blackheath and Cambridge University and was a member of the first official British Isles tour in 1891. Sedbergh had to . Berkhamsted School is a Church of England, all-through, co-educational, independent school in Hertfordshire. It is uncertain whether Peter Berkenhead ever even served as headmaster, although the weight of evidence suggests that he did (however insignificantly). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Did you believe Toby had what it took to succeed at the highest level? England's player pathway programme is a vital development tool for future international rugby; of the 36-player squad named for the Guinness Six Nations, 32 of them played England U18. Be part of our story Donate to the Museum today. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Provided by Google Tag Manager to experiment advertisement efficiency of websites using their services. v The Beacon School. He was replaced by William Barker, who offered an alternative religious policy, for he himself was removed when Elizabeth gained the throne. By 1544, Berkhamsted School's first building, now known as 'Old Hall' was complete, later to be described by William Camden as "the only structure in Berkhamsted worth a second glance. Berkhamsted School Roddy Mackenzie in his Berkhamsted rugby kit with permission of Berkhamsted School. . I advised them on how to tackle all these issues. [6] During this season, he was also dual-registered with Ampthill in the RFU Championship. The _ga cookie, installed by Google Analytics, calculates visitor, session and campaign data and also keeps track of site usage for the site's analytics report. They suffer from condensation and poor ball visibility. 98 talking about this. Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. He naturally has the body shape to allow him to play in the back row, however he works so hard that he has greatly increased his speed and power and has continued to do this in his time with Saracens. High clergy of the 16th century frequently distinguished themselves by their furthering of the educational establishment and, in this respect, Berkhamsted owes much to John Incent. Some of the data that are collected include the number of visitors, their source, and the pages they visit anonymously. After progressing through the junior ranks and into the Saracens senior academy, Knight made his initial first-team appearances in the pool stages of the 2021-22 Premiership Rugby Cup, before his Premiership debut followed away to Gloucester in June 2022, at the end of the 2021-22 regular season. An investigation into the claims that his annual endowment had been exceeded was commissioned and undertaken by John Waterhouse, a favourite not only of the king, but also a confidant of Incent, who had been present at the opening. The new merged school was initially called Berkhamsted Collegiate School, but reverted to Berkhamsted School in 2008. LinkedIn sets this cookie to remember a user's language setting. The __hssrc cookie set to 1 indicates that the user has restarted the browser, and if the cookie does not exist, it is assumed to be a new session. Discover the school that's best for your child. Things.: Year 9 Production Preview. AWSALB is an application load balancer cookie set by Amazon Web Services to map the session to the target. v The Beacon School. It contains the domain, initial timestamp (first visit), last timestamp (last visit), current timestamp (this visit), and session number (increments for each subsequent session). He is the perfect team man in that even when not involved he always commits fully to the teams success ahead of his own. Fossan's resignation was written in Latin and read during a ceremony in Old Hall. Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. Thomas Fossan, a friend of Samuel Pepys, petitioned Charles II for the Berkhamsted job in December 1662. Talulah Jane Riley-Milburn (born 26 September 1985), known professionally as Talulah Riley, is an English actress. Wednesday will see NextGenXVs first live foray into the U18 Schools Cup this year as we Live Stream Berkhamsted v Seaford College in the third round from Saracens StoneX Stadium.The South West B fixture will see the winner face an away fixture against Welsh giants Monmouth in the Regional Final, after which the competition goes national and the quarter finals are drawn from the winners of each of the regional sections.The stream will be part of a massive evening here at NextGenXV as we will also be live streaming the 14th Annual Modus Cup between Kings Worcester and RGS Worcester from Sixways Stadium. He had a variety of positions at these institutions, including Director of Pastoral and Extracurricular Activities and Director of Rowing and Football, where he also gained management and leadership experience. This process is automatic. England head coach Jonathan Pendlebury has named a 41-man squad, which includes 17 . Berkhamsted School is a "diamond school"[3] in which pupils are taught coeducationally in the Pre-Prep School, Prep School and Sixth Form, but independently in the traditional Senior years, between the ages of 11 and 16. People on this list must have gone to Berkhamsted Collegiate School and be of some renown. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Together they are responsible for providing pastoral support for their pupils and serve as the primary link between parents and the school. His motive in doing so is unclear, himself recognising that "by reason of its small salary" it was not highly sought, but mostly since, having realised his ambition, Fossan so neglected his duties. guided reading the american revolution independence achieved,